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Emission of non-volatile particulate matter of modern gas turbine engines

The article reviews a new standard for the emission of non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM), including a brief overview of methods to reduce these emissions in relation to gas turbine engine (GTE) combustors. It is demonstrated that the primary factor influencing the emission of nvPM and NOx from the most commonly utilized GTEs at present is the organization of the combustion process within the combustion chamber. Current emission levels of modern aviation engines are demonstrated. The results of nvPM certification tests of PS-90A and PD-14 engines for compliance with the new ICAO standard are presented.

Keywords: emission, particulate matter, combustion chamber, gas turbine engine

Abramchuk T.V., Inozemtcev A.A., Sipatov A.M.

Bypass flows mixing within a turbofan for a supersonic business jet

The variable bypass ratio turbofan engine is considered for a future supersonic business jet: low-bypass mode is for a supersonic cruise and high-bypass mode is for subsonic flow regimes. The turbofan compressor’s group includes low-pressure compressor, high-pressure compressor and additional axial stage with variable pressure ratio. Optimum aerodynamics of the additional axial stage is defined through CFD modeling of bypass flows mixing for high-bypass mode. Mixing process has been investigated for a range of variation of total pressure ratio and outlet area ratio of the bypass ducts. The results can be applied to the performance-optimized design of a variable bypass ratio turbofan engine for a future supersonic business jet.

Keywords: bypass engine, variable bypass ratio, low pressure compressor, high pressure compressor, flow mixing, total pressure

Brailko I.А., Orekhov I.К., Startsev А.N.

Influence of the elastic elements initial shape on gas foil bearing static stiffness characteristics

Investigation of journal gas foil bearing static stiffness characteristics is carried out for top foil profiles differing from the ones of shaft journal and bearing race. Foil bearing stress strain condition simulation is based on two-dimensional finite element model with contact interaction between bearing elements taken into account. Influence of top foil prestress due to its installation into the bearing race with pretension on bearing static elastic characteristics is demonstrated on the base of finite-element models considering light (top foil radius is close to the shaft journal radius), strong (top foil radius considerably differs the shaft journal radius) and several intermediate top foil prestress conditions. Evaluation of top foil prestress level contribution into the foil bearing static stiffness characteristics is carried out. Finite element simulation results are verified and show a good agreement with experimental and analytical data for nonrotating shaft taken from the open sources.

Keywords: gasdynamic bearing, radial foil bearing, elastohydrodynamic contact, Reynolds equation, self-correcting algorithm

Temis M.Yu., Meshcheryakov A.B.

A mathematical model of convective diffusion processes occurring in a membrane humidifier of a system supporting operation of a hydrogen fuel cell

A mathematical model of a membrane humidifier has been developed as an integral component of an experimental installation that supports the operation of a solid polymer fuel cell. The model describes the processes of convection and diffusion that occur in dry and wet air supply pathways, as well as cylindrical Nafion-type membranes. Analytical solutions to the stationary system of equations have been derived. The developed mathematical model allows us to obtain the characteristics of a membrane humidifier, knowing which it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of humidification. For the first time, dimensionless parameters have been obtained using a mathematical model that determine the effectiveness of humidification of dry air, for example, the Peclet number for dry and wet pathways. The Q-criterion for the operating mode of the membrane humidifier has also been introduced for the first time. These introduced dimensionless parameters, after appropriate calibration, allow selecting the main design parameters for the membrane humidifier based on the specified technical requirements and characteristics.

Keywords: membrane humidifier, convection, diffusion, Peclet number, solid polymer fuel cell

Osipov K. A., Varyukhin A. N., Geliev A.V.

A potential approach for the selective assembly of multi-frequency blades into a rotor wheel utilizing the ant colony optimization algorithm in order to minimize fluctuating stresses

The unavoidable frequency mistuning of the rotor blades due to manufacturing imperfections can cause a significant increase in the blades' resonant response to external harmonic excitation. The engine order, the system’s damping, mistuning variation and the blades arrangement in the disk significantly influence on the response amplitudes. The article presents a possible approach to reducing the amplitudes of alternating stresses of rotor blades during resonant and near-resonant vibrations by rearranging the blades, which can be attributed to the problem of combinatorial optimization. The issue of determining the optimal blades arrangement is addressed in the context of the traveling salesman problem and is solved using the ant colony algorithm. Specific problems such as the impact of blade rearrangement on rotor wheel’s flutter stability and balancing by static moments have not been examined.

Keywords: frequency mistuning, oscillation amplitude, oscillation frequency, ant colony optimization algorithm, heuristic information

Serebryakov N.N., Selivanov A.N., Bortnikov A.D.

Stress-strain state of the brush seal in contact with the rotor

The paper considers the issues of modeling the stress-strain state of a brush seal bristle bundle under kinematic loads in order to determine the reaction force of the package during its contact interaction with the rotor. Two approaches were used for the calculations: numerical modeling in a three-dimensional formulation using the finite element method, and approximate analytical calculations based on the principles of the material resistance theory. Comparison of the results of numerical and analytical calculations was carried out. The influence of design parameters and operating conditions on the bristle bundle’s reaction force was determined. The manifestation of the hysteresis effect during the loading-unloading cycle, due to friction between the bristles and the support plate with a pressure drop across the seal, is demonstrated.

Keywords: brush seal, mathematical modeling, stress-strain state, contact interaction, finite element method, analytical calculation

Abashev D.R., Bondar V.S., Rodin E.V., Fomin D.Yu.

Features of equipment for inertia welding of GTE rotors

The main design features of foreign and domestic equipment used for inertial friction welding of GTE rotors are examined, and a list of the most important requirements for the designed domestic welding installation for the industrial production of GTE rotors is determined.

Keywords: inertial friction welding, technological requirements, equipment characteristics, units design, gas turbine engine rotor

Pavlinich S.P., Bychkov V.M.

Using the parametric optimization method for synthesizing bionic structures of the aircraft fuselage compartment

Topological optimization, as it is traditionally applied for the synthesis of bionic structures, has one significant limitation – it does not take into account the loss of stability in structural elements during the synthesis process. Therefore, a two-stage approach has been adopted in this study: at the first stage, a topological optimization is performed based on strength requirements, and at the second stage, parametric optimization is conducted based on both strength and stability criteria. Using methods of topological and parametric optimization, bionic structures for the fuselage of an advanced light aircraft compartment made of an aluminum alloy have been synthesized. The study investigates the influence of design parameters, specifically the thickness of the casing, on the strength and weight characteristics of bionic structures following topological and parametric optimizations under the influence of external loads.

Keywords: topological optimization, parametric optimization, bionic structure, finite element method, strength, stability, aircraft

Zheleznov L.P., Laperdina N.A.